Recovery-watch - Emphasis

Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission

Question: Examine about the Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Answer: Presentation It was in the year 2012, that a huge explanation of the extent of the obligations of the executives of an organization was given by the High Court of Australia on account of Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 (Shafron) (High Court of Australia, 2012). This was the situation wherein the degree of the obligation of a person who has been allowed a place of an official inside the significance of area 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (CA). Likewise, it was unmistakably expressed that a person who has been an official could embrace double jobs inside an association under area 9 of the Act according to the degree of duty which was given for this situation (Scott, 2012). In this way, in these sorts of cases the double jobs couldn't be withdrawn for the goals of looking at the obligation of care and steadiness which was owed by the official under area 180(1) of the Act. Along these lines, for this situation, Shafron has explicitly explained what all contains investment in making a profession for the destinations of the significance of the word Officer which was expressed in s 9(b) (I) of the CA (Sainty Law, 2012). Foundation and realities of the Case In August 1998, Mr. Shafron for example the offended party was designated by Hardie as a general backer and friends secretary (CS) of the enterprise. However, until November 1998 he was not named by the enterprise as a CS in a conventional way. In November 1999 with the offended party, Mr. Donald Cameron was utilized as an assembled CS of Hardie. In February 2001, the directorate of Hardie had a gathering so as to consider a proposal to withdraw from the James Hardie bunch two enterprises with significant asbestos commitments. The Plaintiff was found to have been in contradiction of the area 180(1) of the Act by: Neglecting to suggest the top managerial staff of Hardie, that some beneficial information with respect to the parcel offer would have been uncovered to the Australian Stock Exchange, and Neglecting to suggest the directorate of Hardie that an actuarial articulation on which the top managerial staff were needy in remembering the division proposition didn't give for superimposed value rise when a careful story would have done as such (Tam, 2012). Framework the obligations/duties penetrated and clarify why the obligations were penetrated. Segment 180(1) of the CA, explicitly expresses that executives of an association must play out their specialists and satisfy their commitments with the due degree of care and determination that a reasonable individual would work out in the event that they were: The executives or officials of an association in the circumstances of an association; and The officials who were occupied with the workplace which was held by simultaneously included the comparable assignments inside the association as, the chief or official (DApice and Curran, 2012). Obligations of executives which have been characterized under area 180(1) of CA associate not exclusively to chiefs however to the officials in an expansive way. It was built up by the Court of Appeal that the offended party was an official on two distinct rudiments as; He was the CS of Hardie, and He was a person who makes, or contributes in making professions that put an effect upon the whole, or an extensive part, of the exchange of the association. On demand, the offended party questioned that his obligations while being in the situation of a CS were confined to the jobs of the CS, and didn't widen to his expansive guidance jobs (Freeman, 2016). The Plaintiff likewise need to differentiate his jobs while being in the situation of a CS by differing that they ought to be related to the jobs of his agreeable CS, Mr. Cameron, whose jobs were predominantly administrative. It was additionally contended by the offended party that he was not a person who contributed in making the decision in association with the splitting offer, as it was a profession for the directorate, of which he was not a section. Ultimately, the offended party expressed that in the event that he was an administrator (on either premise), he had, in any event, not disregarded his commitments in association both the worry identifying with the ASX or the actuarial (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). It was obviously seen by the court that it was fundamentally to be dubious for the way that Mr. Shafron being the executive of the enterprise could have actualized certain jobs in a limit of a CS and different capacities like being a general insight. There was no confirmation that the offended party has played out certain assignments in a single limit and other work in another. Since the obligations of a particular CS in explicit enterprises were the issues of truth, confirmation of the jobs of Mr. Cameron didn't show that organization secretarial elements of the offended party were correspondingly managerial (Hickey and Lam, 2015). The council at that point estimated whether, if the elements of Mr. Shafron could be isolated, the division would affect the outcome. It additionally prestigious that segment 180(1) (b) of the Act makes sure about the level of care and determination by demonstrating to the workplace held and the assignments with the association of the significant official (Comino, 2014). It was then that it was finished up by the council that the term obligations which was referenced in segment 180(1) (b) have been characterized as the genuine duties of the valid official, not just the legal errands of a person who holds the workplace of CS. The discoveries of the Court of Appeal were right now was concurred by the councils which conceded a proposal in association with the issue of ASX which was inside zone of obligation of the offended party. Likewise, the award of such recommendation which was conceded in association with the actuarial issue was additionally inside the zone of obligation which was forced upon the offended party being in the situation of the executive (Wotton Kearney, 2012). Subsequently, the duties of Mr. Shafron by being in the situation of an organization secretary of Hardie were sufficiently wide to hold up a judgment that he owed the obligations of an official in completing those duties. According to the decision which was given by the Court of Appeal of New South Wales was offered and according to the Act the offended party was seen as infringing upon his commitment of care and constancy by: Neglecting to offer an input to different chiefs on board that the draft ASX proclamation which was affirmed by the Board was beguiling; and Neglecting to offer an input to the board that the data which was conceded by actuarial Consultants for example the offended party had been protected in the interest of JHIL, and This allowed the establishment for an income structure which was estimated by the board in association with the anticipated reorganization of JHIL, didn't think about the value rises (Mire, 2014). At that point the offended party moved toward the High Court and set forward his case. The fundamental explanation of his appeal was that however he built up that area 180(1) of the CA in spite of the fact that would be appropriate on him as he was a CS. Be that as it may, the infringement of area 180(1) which ASIC had suspected against him were frightened with measures which he made in his fitness as general promoter and not as an official of JHIL. At the end of the day it could be expressed that, his capacity as general direction and CS was isolatable into employments which he set out on as promoter, and afterward the obligations he expected as CS. The thought which was given and referenced above was dismissed that the offended party could isolate his errands and skills. To a limited degree, it was closed by the council that the duties of Mr. Shafron were indivisible and must be seen as an amalgamated totally (Norton Roseful Bright, 2012). Along these lines, so as to arrive at such resolution it was explicitly settled that so as to choose the scope of ordinary occupations of an authority of an enterprise, an individual must examine the entirety of the work which was completed for that association by that official. In explicit it was noted by the court that: The limit of the job of the offended party as a CS couldn't be resolved just by an assessment to the capacity of his co-secretary, whose work never created to be above simply administrative jobs. The Plaintiff didn't created any evidence which would have confirmed or proposed that he completed certain assignments in the limit of being a CS, while he did others in an alternate limit of being a guide. The assignment of general promoter and CS meant explicitly that a noteworthy piece of the obligation of the offended party was to take the fundamental stepping stools to ensure that JHIL have satisfied with all appropriate lawmaking necessities. Such prerequisites incorporate those that were pertinent to JHIL as a recorded company, and this was identified with the specification of basic proposal (Konstantinidis, 2012). At the point when a made sure about direction from outsiders was taken by the offended party at that point put that direction before the governing body of JHIL for its usage, his liabilities did extended for perceiving the limitations of the proposal which was given by the outsider. Along these lines, it was set up and articulated by the court that the degree of care and industriousness which was referenced in area 180(1) of the Act was determined by seeing at the circumstances of the association. The segment has likewise incorporated the working environment and liabilities of a chief inside the association that the executive in subject had. Along these lines, it was obviously indicated by the council that to what expand the chief would be at risk and what duties he had inside the association, disregarding how or why those assignments came to be constrained on the authority. In this way, the intrigue what the excused by the council by expressing that an individual who was a CS with a legitimate foundation would be unsurprising to raise issue identifying with the plausible m

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa Eating Disorders Treatment Print Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa By Katie Grubiak, RDN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 30, 2019 VeselovaElena/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Avoid Refeeding Syndrome Nutritional Rehabilitation Suggested Meal Guidelines Meal Plan for Success Other Weight Gain Tips Overcoming Challenges View All Back To Top The malnutrition that accompanies anorexia nervosa can negatively impact all systems of the body. Therefore, restoration of weight and nutritional health is an essential component of treatment for anorexia nervosa. Restoring a body malnourished by anorexia nervosa may take many months or even years. Patients with anorexia nervosa should generally be under the care of a treatment team, which commonly includes a medical doctor, a registered dietitian nutritionist, a psychotherapist, and a psychiatrist. Anyone beginning nutritional rehabilitation must be aware of the potentially fatal refeeding syndrome. This article begins with the necessary precautions to avoid this potential side-effect. It then offers strategies for outpatient nutritional rehabilitation, suggested meal plans, additional weight gain strategies, and suggestions for overcoming common challenges to recovery. Avoiding Refeeding Syndrome One potential risk to be considered before beginning nutritional rehabilitation is refeeding syndrome.?? Refeeding syndrome is caused by the rapid refeeding of someone in a state of starvation, usually chronic, and it may be fatal. It is characterized by electrolyte and fluid shifts associated with metabolic abnormalities in malnourished patients undergoing nutritional rehabilitation. How could finally eating after a period of starvation possibly be harmful to the body? Biochemistry tells us that ketone bodies and free fatty acids from the breakdown (catabolism) of muscle and adipose tissue replace glucose as a major energy source in starvation. During refeeding, there is a shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism. The resulting insulin released from the pancreas increases cellular uptake of glucose, phosphate, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and water. The body also shifts into a building (anabolic) state of protein synthesis, which requires more nutrient uptake into the cells.?? The body then is at risk for not having enough of these vital nutrients in the bloodstream. Clinical consequences may include irregular heart rate, congestive heart failure, respiratory failure, coma, seizures, skeletal-muscle weakness, loss of control of body movements, and neurological symptoms.?? To avoid refeeding syndrome, levels of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and thiamin must be monitored for the first 5 days and every other day for several weeks. Electrocardiogram (EKG) should also be performed. Strict medical oversight is required.?? The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Criteria for Patients advises that there is a significant risk for refeeding syndrome if your starting point is 1,000 or fewer calories per day.?? Refeeding syndrome risk increases greatly with the following: Patients who have one of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 16Weight loss of more than 15 percent  in the past 3-8 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 10 daysLow levels of potassium, phosphate, and/or magnesium before refeedingPatients who have two or more of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 18.5Weight loss of more than 10 percent  in the past 3-6 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 5 daysHistory of alcohol misuse or drugs, including insulin, chemotherapy, antacids or diuretics?? Additional guidance regarding the prevention of refeeding syndrome is available via the Academy for Eating Disorders Guide to Medical Management.?? Under these conditions, nutritional restoration must go slowly to avoid potential refeeding syndrome. A medical team is necessary including a medical doctor and a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) to calculate, monitor, and increase daily food and fluid intake as well as monitor plasma and urinary electrolytes, plasma glucose, vital functions, and cardiac rhythm before and during refeeding. The remainder of this article is directed towards those who are not at risk for refeeding syndrome and have been medically cleared to begin or continue nutritional rehabilitation on an outpatient basis. Outpatient Nutritional Rehabilitation Recent research has shown that for patients not at risk for refeeding syndrome, more aggressive and faster-refeeding protocols lead to faster recovery and better overall outcomes.?? It is not uncommon for daily caloric needs of people recovering from anorexia to reach 3,000 to 5,000 daily calories for a sufficient one-half pound to two pounds per week weight gain until achieving goal weight. This is especially true for adolescents who are still growing and young adults. Adolescents participating in Family-Based Treatment with parents in charge of nutritional rehabilitation support are usually able to be safely started at an intake of 2,000 to 2,500 calories per day.?? With an outpatient team supporting and monitoring, parents are often encouraged to increase meal plans to 3,000 to 5,000 calories per day for weight restoration. Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Eating Disorders Overview Parents and patients are often perplexed at such high caloric needs as renourishing progress. Why are they so high? Individuals with anorexia nervosa often become hypermetabolic, which means their metabolism has kicked into high gear as the body tries to rebuild all the tissue lost during starvation. Individuals commonly experience elevated body temperature as energy intake may be converted into heat, rather than solely used to build tissue. This paradoxical symptom makes recovery even harder. Additionally, many patients with anorexia nervosa engage in excessive exercise even despite severe emaciation.?? Such exercise may be hidden and can further undermine attempts at weight gain by increasing calorie expenditure. Exercise is usually not medically advised in the initial stages of nutritional rehabilitation, but patients may need monitoring to prevent it. It is important to note that because increased caloric intake generates significant anxiety in those with anorexia nervosa, achieving these caloric goals may be very challenging even with additional support. However, it is imperative to allow enough caloric intake for the body to fully recover. Weight goals should always be calculated by your medical team. A return of menses in females is critical.?? Again a medical team is advised to calculate your specific individual calorie needs as they shift during the recovery process. Suggested Meal Guidelines If you are consuming more than 1,000 calories per day as your starting point, are not a risk for refeeding syndrome as discussed above, and have been medically cleared to do so, then you may consider beginning nutritional rehabilitation. Please consult with a medical doctor and registered dietitian to tailor recommendations specifically for your body.?? For example, an illustrative nutritional rehabilitation recommendation for a 90-pound patient not at risk for refeeding syndrome could be as follows. Day 1-4: 1,200-1,600 calories/dayDay 5-7: If no weight gain is observed, increase by 400 calories per day to 1,600-2,000 calories/day (If weight gain is occurring you may increase more gradually.)Day 10-14: If weight gain is not reaching 1 to 2 pounds per week, increase daily intake again by 400-500 calories/day to 2,000-2,500Day 15-21: 2,500-3,000 calories/dayDay 20-28: 3,000-3,500 calories/day Remember caloric needs commonly increase as weight is gained. Therefore patients recovering from anorexia nervosa commonly require escalating caloric intake in order to maintain a steady weight gain. For this reason, weekly weigh-ins that record progress is desirable. If and when the rate of weight gain slows or stops, caloric intake must be increased. The Meal Plan Recipe for Success Since a calorie-focused meal plan could be triggering for those recovering from anorexia, it is not necessarily the first choice for registered dietitians to recommend. However, it could be helpful to have an idea of what calorie count to target, especially when reading food labels and menus. A good initial rule of thumb for a basic meal plan is three 500- to 800-calorie meals plus at least three 300-calorie snacks, but only after initial caloric estimates are calculated and monitored and the refeeding syndrome has been ruled out. Again, calorie levels are always a moving target, depending on the  rate of weight gain. The preferred meal plan model for anorexia nervosa recovery is the exchange system. It is often used in hospital, residential and outpatient eating disorder recovery treatment.?? Originally designed for patients with diabetes, the system is versatile in recovery because it takes into consideration macronutrient proportions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) without a direct focus on calories. Calculations often aim to reach 50-60% total calories from carbohydrates, 15-20% from protein, and 30-40% from dietary fat for metabolic efficiency. Each “exchange” (starch, fruit, vegetable, milk, fat, protein/meat) equates to certain food and its portion size. This allows for a focus on balanced food group selection during the meal planning process. However, having a balanced diet may not be as important as increased caloric intake during the weight restoration process. A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist can help calculate and design exchange meal plans taking this all into consideration. An illustrative 3,000-calorie Exchange System Meal Plan for a day might comprise 12 starch, 4 fruit, 4 milk, 5 vegetables, 9 meat, and 7 fat. A daily regimen might divide the exchanges into meals and snacks as follows: Breakfast: 2 Starch, 1 Fat, 2 Meat, 1 Milk, 2 Fruit 2 slices of toast (2 starch exchanges) with 1 tsp. butter (1 fat exchange)2 scrambled eggs (2 meat exchanges) made with 2oz whole milk plus 6oz of whole milk on the side to drink (total-1 milk exchange),4 oz of orange juice 1/2 cup fruit salad (total-2 fruit exchanges) Lunch: 2 Starch, 2 Vegetable, 3 Meat, 2 Fat, 1 Milk Grilled cheese sandwich:  2 slices of bread (2 starch exchanges), 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges), 3 slices of cheese (3 meat exchanges)Tomato soup (1 cup tomato soup condensed-2 vegetable exchanges) made with 1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange) Dinner: 4 Starch, 3 Meat, 3 Fat, 2 Vegetable, 1 Fruit 1 cup cooked pasta (2 starch exchanges)2 pieces garlic toast (2 starch exchanges) 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges)3 oz of ground beef or turkey (3 meat exchanges) browned in 1 tsp olive oil (1 fat exchange) ½ cup tomato sauce with ½ cup cooked broccoli (2 vegetable exchange)1 orange (1 fruit exchange) Snack #1: 2 Starch, 1 Milk 1 large muffin (2 starch exchanges)1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange â€" half half could be added for more calories) Snack #2: 1 Fruit, 1 Milk ½ banana (1 fruit exchange)1 cup whole milk yogurt (1 milk exchange) Snack #3: 1 Meat, 2 Starch, 1 Vegetable, 1 Fat 1 tsp peanut or almond butter (1 meat exchange)2 bread slices (2 starch exchanges)1 cup raw carrots (1 vegetable exchange), 1 oz hummus (1 fat exchange) Other Weight Gain Strategies In order to increase caloric intake to achieve a steady weight gain course, you can always remember some simple tactics:?? Increase the frequency of eating (from three times per day to six times per day)Increase the actual portion sizeIncrease caloric density (add fat while cooking such as oil, butter, cream, cheese which can increase calories without increasing portion size)Cut back on raw fruits and vegetables which can contribute to early fullnessSupplementing with liquid nutrition (Ensure Plus, Boost Plus) providing 350-360 calories per 8 ounces could prove very helpful for caloric density. Liquid nutrition in this form is recommended immediately as a replacement for skipped or unfinished meals or snacks. Overcoming Challenges on the Road to Weight Restoration Since a primary symptom of the disorder is a dietary restriction, what patient with anorexia will willingly eat more? Resistance is common and calls for direct support from loved ones and a team of professionals who can help hold patients accountable to meal plans and weight gain as well as challenge the eating disorder mindset and encourage consumption of fear foods on a daily basis. Vegetarian, low fat, low carb, and non-dairy diets should be discouraged (unless a diagnosed allergy) as they often are a symptom of the disorder and not based on legitimate health concerns. How Manage Negative Thoughts in Disordered Eating Delayed gastric emptying or gastroparesis is common with anorexia nervosa and can contribute to early fullness and bloating.?? This further complicates the renourishing process as eating the required increased intake may be physically uncomfortable. Frequent nutrient-dense meals and snacks that allow for smaller portions without sacrificing calorie content is the key to overcoming this hurdle. Eating disorder recovery teams can help support renourishings physical side effects as well as the psychological resistance to such aspects of recovery. Teams usually include a medical doctor, registered dietitian nutritionist, psychotherapist, and psychiatrist. When searching and building outpatient teams, it is advisable to make sure practitioners have expertise in the treatment of eating disorders. Allowing a loved one to help with accountability and provide recovery support can be extremely powerful in recovery. Family-Based Treatment (FBT or Maudsley) is an evidence-based model designating parents as the primary support for refeeding of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.?? Other models of treatment that provide family support for adults with anorexia nervosa have been developed as well. Recovery is not a linear process and may be slow. Remember that life stresses and major life changes can possibly activate relapse. Support and re-evaluation of progress and goals are constantly needed. Making peace with food and having restored psychological, emotional, and physical health and well-being are indeed possible.??

How Can We Safe Water - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 946 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Topics: Water Pollutions Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Being born and raised in Florida I take water pollution very seriously. I grew up surfing in the crystal blue waters in Ponce Inlet, Florida. Water pollution is a very serious problem that has not only an impact on the planet but to us, our health, and our future generation. We all have access to free water in our homes but we use the convince of it being bottled, buying it at the store and grabbing one before we run out the door for the day. The dangers that plastic has on our oceans and humans is going to be a crisis for our aquatic eco-system if we dont do something about it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can We Safe Water?" essay for you Create order BODY Water is free right? Does your fridge have a water filtration system? Do you have tap water in your house? If the answer to a majority of these questions is yes then ask yourself this: Why are over half the Americans buying bottles of water? Plastic water bottles are made from a composition called (PET) polyethylene terephthalate which takes at least 450 years to decompose. A simple plastic water bottle sitting on your desk will outlive us. Over half of the water bottles consumed by Americans today are discarded into the trash which then, where do they go? Landfills and our oceans. According to the National Geographic1, scientists believe that 8.8 million tons of plastic end up in our oceans every YEAR. Think about it, tons of plastic ending up in our oceans every year damaging the aquatic eco-system. There are so many mini organisms that thrive on the aquatic waters to live so that our aquatic eco-system stays healthy. According to the National Geographic2, 40% of all fish species in the North America are at risk of extension. The bodies of water around the world are critical elements for us as humans not only for our health but for our economy here in Florida. We live in a state surrounded by water, the fish market is popular here. People come visit from all over to come try local fresh seafood. Whether you live in a land locked state or a state that is surrounded by water. The eco-system all serves us the same. Storm clouds move inland from the oceans and carry nutrients through the air providing us with the healthy air we get to breathe. Plastic bottles are not the only problem. Discuss the different types of algal blooms There are many manufacture industries where their chemicals run off into the ground or even worse into rivers or the oceans. This causes a chemical imbalance in the waters which causes algal blooms. Algal blooms occur both in fresh and salt water. When algal blooms occur in the water they suffocate the portion of water from its nutritions killing off any organism that was living also known as dead zones in the water. According to the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship3, run offs are created when water builds on the surface faster than it can enter the soil creating a run off. Once the run off beings chemicals, such as, fertilizers get mixed into the water. The water then flows into canals, lakes, rivers and oceans. As water heats up storms become stronger and beach erosion becomes more prominent. Ice caps melt which creates rising seas. If the water is too warm it can result in the death of aquatic organisms that will disrupt many marine habitats. The increase in warmer waters is created by thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is created when the industrial industries use it as coolant and when the water is deposited back to its original source the temperature of the water deprives the oxygen level of the current water temperature. Creating a change in the overall waters temperature. Look at what happened to Puerto Rico with hurricane Maria. The storm intensified so quick because of how warm the water was. According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)4, two things must be present for a hurricane to form: warm air and oceans water surface temperatures at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a recipe for disaster in years to come. If the water is too warm it can result in the death of aquatic organisms that will disrupt many marine habitats. In reference to School of Oceanography5, the warmer the water the lower the oxygen level which will in return shift marine life habitats. CONCLUSION So next time you go to purchase water from the grocery store. Think to yourself how much money you can save a week, month or a year by purchasing a filtration for your fridge and buying a bottle that can be washed. Think about the nutrients we put into the earth, it will come to the surface and make its way to the waters. Think about it. If we dont take of our bodies what happens? We get sick, right? So why are we abusing what is giving us life? References: Aquatic Ecosystems and the Species Who Rely on Freshwater. National Geographic, National Geographic Society , 28 Oct. 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/aquatic-ecosystems/ Plastic Pollution. Kids Games, Animals, Photos, Stories, and More, National Geographic Society , 15 Aug. 2018, kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/nature/kids-vs-plastic/pollution/ Gardner, Ron. The Problem of Runoff. Pesticide Environmental Stewardship, pesticidestewardship.org/water/runoff/ US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Hurricanes Form over Tropical Oceans, Where Warm Water and Air Interact to Create These Storms. How Does the Ocean Affect Hurricanes?, NOAA Ocean Explorer , 29 May 2013, oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/hurricanes.html Portner, Hans-Otto, et al. Warmer, Lower-Oxygen Oceans Will Shift Marine Habitats. The School of Oceanography, University of Washington, www.ocean.washington.edu/story/Warmer%252C_Lower-oxygen_oceans_will_shift_marine_habitats

The Roman Empire Essay - 1216 Words

Rome was said to be founded by two brothers whose names were Romulus and Remus. Legend says they were raised by a wolf and ran off to a city they both wanted to rule but they killed each other over their lust for power. Romulus killed Remus and named the city Rome after his victory. Romulus’s story influenced many Romans but, what really happened was Romans were under Etruscan rule for many years as slaves until the Romans rebelled and overthrew their masters. Romans were discouraged by Greece thinking Rome would be easily swept away. Rome was attacked by many barbaric tribes including fighting a war with the Etruscans but triumphed again and again. Rome started with nothing and worked its way to the top, as nothing could break the Roman spirit, and their drive to dominate. After a tedious start, the Romans became the largest and most prosperous Empire the world has ever seen. The Roman Empire was an important building block to how we live today such as are architecture, conc rete, government and war tactics, and if it had not been for great generals of Rome, it may have fallen before it ever had the chance to rise. Rome first started has a republic just like America’s government today except Rome had dictators who would rule for only six months. The Roman republic wasn’t perfect and at first it was ruled basically by the aristocrats because they had all the wealth to bribe their way into government positions. But after refusing work for the unhappy plebeians, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. 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Grand cities filled with magnificent buildings and riches of every kind. Rich emperors lived in palaces and beggars lived on the street. The city streets of the Roman Empire were filled with crowds of people making their way to work, school, or play. â€Å"Before it gets light, we have the bakers. Then it’s the hammering of the artisans all day. There’s no peace or quiet in this city!† The overpopulated

14 Points Woodrow Wilson Free Essays

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points On January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson gave a proposal to Congress which outlined the post World War I peace treaty later negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, and in the Treaty of Versailles. The fourteen points were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both home also among allies in Europe. The president hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the populations in enemy nations and generates momentum for ending the war. We will write a custom essay sample on 14 Points Woodrow Wilson or any similar topic only for you Order Now When comparing Avalon Project ( primary) History World (secondary) documents for Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, I found that the primary document is the actually proposal. There is nothing creative about it. It is just what Wilson stated. When reading the primary I had no understanding of what was being presented to both houses of Congress. In Wilson perspective it was for the Congress, to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. As, I read the secondary source document, I fully understood the proposal. The writer generated this version for the people. He shortened and paraphrased it but, I was able to understand the document. Indeed the Avalon Project (primary) version was more information then what was needed because he was presenting it to Congress so it had to be in a certain form most important professionally presented. That document is more of the original. So it is supposed to be more into details. With the History World (secondary) version the information w How to cite 14 Points Woodrow Wilson, Papers

Islamic Religion Essays - Islam, Quraish, Ahl Al-Kisa, Arab Muslims

Islamic Religion Todays Muslims are branded as terrorists or fudamentalist. But their religion is a gentle religion. On the Arabian Penninsula, home of the Arabs, was isolated and they were able to develop their civilization without outside influences. It is about 1 million miles square, that is located between the Red sea and the Persian Gulf. There are two distinctive regions. The first has well-watered valleys between mountains and the second is arid plains and desert. Grass grows quickly during the showes of the rainy season. In ancient times the Arabs were bedouin (nomads that hersed sheep, goats, and camels. and lived in tents made made of felt from camel or goat hair.) They ate fresh or dried dates and drank milk from their herds. On special occasions they ate mutlon. their tribes were made of related families. They valued family ties becuase because they ensured they ensured protection and survival. They had a chief (sheikh). The sheikh ruled as long as the tribe allowed him. They had a counsil of elders. There was warfare over waterholes and pastures. Their way of punishment is an eye for sn eye and a tooth for a tooth. To improve warrior skills they had camel and horse. They had story telling in frount of the campfire. They had poetry about battles, desert, camels, horses, and love. In 500 A.D. they started a town called Makkah, which was fifty miles inland of the Red sea. Trade was mostly of animal producys for weopeans dates grains, spices, jewels ivory, silk, and perfumes. They had caravans travel there from as for china. Arabs had and worshipped many ditied business ties were replaceing family ties, and old tribal laws were not adequat Byzantine and the Persin armies were threatining to conquer them. The tribes had the some language but they had no central goverment, or sense of unity, The Arabs searched for new beliefs. The prohet of Islam was muhammad. He was born in Makkah in 570 A. D. . He was orphaned at an early age and was adopted by his uncle. He worked as a carovan leader on a trade route. He was know to be honest and able. His employer khadij'a ,a weakthy window if age 40, put him in charge of this business and proposed marriage to him. He went to a cave outside the city in 610 A.D. to pray and fast reveloution (vision) there. He was told to recite. "Recite in the name of your lord, the creator who created man from clots of blood. Rwcite! Your lord os the most bountiful one who by the pen has taught mankind things they didn't know.'' His second vision to rise and worn people. In 613 A.D. he preached to his family and friends that there was one god. And all that belived in him are equal.The rich shared with poor lots of the converts were poor. The rich merchants and the religious leaders did not like,Mushamad and the Muslims were persecuated. After some theats on his life in 632 A.D. he sent 60 families to Yathrib.And then follewes them in secret(Known then as the Hjrah immirgration). 622 A.D. os know on the Musslim calandar as the frist year. Muhamad became the rules of Yathris then it was called Medinch al-Neb orMadinah ''the city of the priphet.''The Madinch Compact of 624 A.D. was the foundation of Islanie state. Muhamad was the Judge and commander in chief. Quxan was their bible of Ialam. They extended proection, to Jews and christiand who accepted Islams political authoriyt. Makkems invaded Yathrib,and the Muslims fought in self defense.The Makkans were defeated. And the Muslims won support of the Arab groups outside of Madinsh. They later invaded Makkah and hod little resistance.They accepted Islamic Religion and Muhammad. Islanic Religion and Muhammed. They destroyed idols, and turned the shrine of prohet Abraham into a place of worship. Makkah was the spiritual capital and Mdinth into the political capital. In 631 A.D. the Arabian Peninsula was supported by an army representing each of the Arab tribes. Muhammad later died at Madinah in 632 A.D. Beliefs The Quran was the divine messages from God over a peroid of 22 years. It was written down or memorized that was compiled into a written collection(Quran). is the final matters of faith and lifestyles. It was written in Arabic. It is stories, teachings, and exhorations of what is written in the Bible. Values Basic Moral values in the Quran are similar to Christanity and Judasim.Murder, lying, stesling and adultury are condemened.Honor parents,

Ethnic Nationalism or Civic Nationalism †World History Essay

Ethnic Nationalism or Civic Nationalism – World History Essay Free Online Research Papers Ethnic Nationalism or Civic Nationalism World History Essay Throughout our world, there are many different nations throughout the world with different nationalities. But what is a nationality? What makes each nation different from each other? Nationalism is the feeling of commonality that one has with people from similar backgrounds, ethnicities, and cultures. Nationalism has the power to create entire new states, move borders, and start wars. There are the theories of Civic Nationalism and Ethnic Nationalism. Civic Nationalism is the theory that one belongs to a country based on one’s choice to live there. Ethnic Nationalism is the belief that one can only belong to a nation if one is of the correct blood. The forces of Nationalism were at work greatly throughout the 20th century, both positively and negatively. One of the most negative examples of nationalism this century was the regime of Adolph Hitler in Nazi Germany. Adolph Hitler used a combination of myth, ethnic nationalism, and national pride in his regime of power, which resulted in the deaths of millions of innocent people. Nevertheless, German people felt pride in their nation and in their leader, who was bringing Germany back as a world power. Adolph Hitler used pre-existing nationalist sentiment, pre-existing views on other nationalities, and sheer force to instigate his regime. His Ethnic Nationalist views led both to the extermination of millions as well as his desire to make gains in Europe. The extreme negative forces of Ethnic Nationalism were at work in Germany under Adolph Hitler. Hitler believed in a 19th century German belief known as the Volk, in which Germany surpassed other nations in terms of culture and society and had a duty to dominate. Hitler’s views of Ethnic Nationalism led to the Second World War and resulted in an international conflict. Hitler held the belief that other races in Germany were causing German society to decay. He beliefs that the German Aryan race of blond hair and blue eyes is superior to all others, and he dreams of a European union of Aryans, free of undesirable races. The nations he would like to unite in a union of Aryans in clued Germany, Scandinavia, The Netherlands, and England. This aggressive form of nationalism also led to increased militarism in Germany. In 1938, Austria formed a union with Germany. A large amount of people in Austria were of German â€Å"stock† and spoke the same language. Hitler belie ved that â€Å"those of the same blood belong in the same Reich!† (Holocaust Timeline) Throughout Europe and into Southern Russia, German people had settled. Hitler wished to push east and eventually settle these areas with Aryan people. Nazi Germany’s nationalist ambitions were the major cause behind World War II, and their desire to dominate over inferior races is demonstrated through their invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland. Not only was nationalism a driving force behind Hitler’s goals once in power, but nationalism was one of the major causes of Hitler’s success in gaining control of Germany. After Germany’s defeat in World War I, German nationalism was dealt a severe blow. Hitler himself was completely devastated by the German loss. He said of when he heard the news, â€Å"Since the day when I had stood at my mother’s grave, I had not wept†¦But not I could not help it. And so it had all been in vain†¦Did all this happen so that a gang of wretched criminals could lay hands on the fatherland.† (From Herder to Hitler) The Nazi party appealed to Germans reeling from their defeat in the First World War, which resulted in massive reparation payments to be made to the allies. The promise of a reborn Germany (the swastika symbolised rebirth) that would be the new great military power on the planet offered promise to many. Hitler promised a better country a nd said that the reason the country had crumbled was because of the non-Germans living and infiltrating German society. Hitler played off pre-existing ideas. At this time in Europe, the Jews were mainly a minority nation without a country of their own to live in. A lot of the Jews did not have much land so turned to education as a means of getting by. Many Jews became lawyers, journalists, doctors, and civil servants. Non-Jews resented the position of Jews in business etc. and the number of them getting an education. Jews were often subject to violent displays of protest in Europe at this time. Hitler played off these pre-existing notions about them and used them as a scapegoat for the nation’s problems. One of the major reasons for Hitler’s popularity was the Great Depression. The Great Depression affected one out of two German people and affected Working and Middle class Germans alike. (Howarth) The points offered by the Nazi party had something for everyo ne and eventually Hitler was elected in 1933. In this way, nationalist forces were in favour of Adolph Hitler and let to his rise to power. At the time, German people were inspired by the promises of a better future of a glorious powerful Germany. Nationalism is a very powerful force, however, and can be used both positively and negatively. When Adolph Hitler used nationalism to gain control of Germany, he did not have positive motives as we would see them today. He wanted to control Germany and establish his Aryan state. Hitler’s beliefs in Ethnic Nationalism had a very dark side to them. Ethnic Nationalism in Nazi Germany led to the extermination of millions of â€Å"inferior† races. This practice has come to be known as ethnic cleansing, creating a nation made up only of those who belong by blood. Hitler held the belief that the German Aryan race of blond hair and blue eyes reigned supreme over all other races. This belief was rooted in the Social Darwinist theories of the earlier century. He believed the mixing of Germans and non-Germans had resulted in the deterioration of German society. This also comes from the Darwinist theory in that mixing of different races results in an inferior breed that has less physical and mental abilities. (Heller to Hitler) Under the Nazi’s â€Å"Law for the Protection of German blood and honour,† Jewish people were designated a different race. The subsequent Nuremberg Laws resulted in the Jews having their civil rights taken aw ay and legally declared separate from Germans. In order to bring about Aryan racial supremacy in Germany, the Germans had millions of Jews sent to concentration camps, where they either had to perform arduous labour for the Germans or were executed by firing squad or the gas chambers. Jews weren’t the only people subjected to Germany’s ethnic cleansing. Germany also deemed gypsies, communists, Slavs, religious minorities, and gays undesirable. During Hitler’s Nazi regime, the numbers of people executed are in the millions. The estimates range from the 10 million mark all the way up to the 26 million mark. (Wikipedia.org) Hitler’s views on racial supremacy, therefore, resulted in one of the largest mass murders in history, and are a horrific example of what the force of nationalism can do. When we look at nationalism in Nazi Germany, we can see a regime that appealed to people’s nationalism and managed to get to power because of it. German people wanted to better themselves and they liked what the Nazis promised, a better future for Germany and a stronger Germany. Adolph Hitler’s ideas for a unified Aryan Europe led to the Second World War, one of the most brutal conflicts in history in which millions of soldiers were killed. His dislike for the Jews and his ideas of German nationalism led to the extermination of millions of Jews, gypsies, gays, and other minorities. The forces of nationalism active in Nazi Germany around the time of the Second World War are an excellent example of how nationalism can inspire people and give them hope, yet cause conflict and horrific acts. Nationalism cannot be called a positive force, even for the German people in this case, as these feelings of nationalism led to a brutal international conflict. Research Papers on Ethnic Nationalism or Civic Nationalism - World History EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

High-stepping Stepchildren

High-stepping Stepchildren High-stepping Stepchildren High-stepping Stepchildren By Maeve Maddox English has several idioms that employ the words step and stepping. As a verb, step means to lift the foot and set it down again on the ground in a new position. As a noun, step is the act of stepping. baby steps and giant steps A â€Å"baby step† is a step that covers a very narrow distance: Still, a year after Mr. Shumlin’s call to arms, progress can be measured only in baby steps. A â€Å"giant step† is one that covers a wide distance, either forward or backward: One of those amendments would address Citizens United which, [Stevens] wrote, was a giant step in the wrong direction. goose-stepping To goose step is to march in such a way that the legs swing sharply from the hips, and the knees are locked. Soldiers marching in this way resemble mechanical toys. Because this type of marching was a feature of Nazi military display, it is associated with fascist power. Goose-stepping in unison may have been used by the Nazis to help brainwash people into following their cause, a new study suggests. India and Pakistans aggressive border closing ceremony has been stopped after soldiers complained the high goose-stepping was wrecking their knee joints and causing foot injuries. Confess that guns hold absolutely no interest or appeal for you, and youre a leftist, a radical who wont be happy until the jackbooted thugs of The New World Order are goose-stepping down Main Street, trampling Our Sacred Freedoms. â€Å"Goose-stepping† always has a negative connotation, but another idiom, â€Å"high-stepping,† can be positive or negative. Literally, â€Å"high-stepping† describes the act of lifting the legs high while walking. Because horse fanciers admired the gait of a high-stepping horse, a fashionable or attractive person came to be known as â€Å"a high-stepper.† Sometimes the term is used in a negative sense to refer to someone who lives extravagantly, or who aspires to a higher social status: Dona had come to town as a schoolteacher.   She was pretty, vivacious, and in the parlance of the time, a â€Å"high-stepper.† Leo Donnelly, always at his peak in silk-lined, low-comedy, high-stepping crook roles, is here at his best. The following sentence spoken by an NPR regular seems to confuse high-stepping and goose-stepping: Nazi soldiers’ high stepping casts a fog over the event. Note: The word fog is also jarring; perhaps the announcer was reaching for pall. Two more idioms that have literal and figurative meanings are â€Å"to sidestep† and â€Å"to step up to the plate.† The literal meaning of sidestep is to step aside, as if to avoid some physical obstacle: Climbing from the carriage, she held her bag against her chest and  tried to sidestep  a puddle  the size of a small lake. Figuratively, â€Å"to sidestep† is to avoid involvement or responsibility: Jefferson Township Sewer Authority  hopes to sidestep  big expense with grant money. â€Å"Step up to the plate† comes from the game of baseball. Note: Home plate is a 5-sided rubber slab at one corner of a baseball diamond at which a batter stands when batting and which must be touched by a base runner in order to score. When it’s a player’s turn to bat, he â€Å"steps up to the plate.† Figuratively, the expression means to come forward and accept responsibility for something that must be done: Community members stepped up to the plate and raised more than $2,700 for the Harmon Killebrew Miracle Field at a recent fundraiser. Unrelated to the verb step in the sense of moving the feet is the affix step- as in stepchild. This step derives from an ancient Germanic word element that was placed before the word for a family member â€Å"to form designations for the degrees of affinity resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent.† For example, a widow who married a widower would become the stepmother of the widower’s children. They in turn would be her stepchildren. Stepmothers in all the fairy tales I’ve read are notorious for their ill treatment of their stepchildren. Consider, for example, the stories of Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel. Because of the stereotype of the wicked stepmother, the word stepchild has acquired the figurative meaning of â€Å"someone or something that is neglected, undervalued, or abused.† Here are some examples: â€Å"Its a sad fact that P.E. is  educations  ugly  stepchild,† said Goldstein. Rarely is open space seen as more than an afterthought. It truly is a stepchild of planning when it should be a catalyst and spatial organizer for development.   A fairly recent embellishment of stepchild in the sense of an object of abuse and neglect is the expression â€Å"redheaded stepchild.† The earliest evidence of the phrase in the Ngram Viewer is dated 1923. An article at World Wide Words references an example from 1910. Like stepmothers, redheaded people do not fare well in folklore. If a stepchild is undervalued, then a redheaded stepchild is the object of special negative attention: We then learned that Waukegan is apparently  the North  Shores  red headed stepchild.   The South is the  red-headed stepchild  in the American story.   Note: The adjective is hyphenated in the OED, but spelled as one word in Merriam-Webster. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Driver License vs. Driver’s LicenseTypes of Ignorance

Explain what is meant by orientalism. Discuss how this has influenced Essay

Explain what is meant by orientalism. Discuss how this has influenced Western interpretation of cultures past or present - Essay Example Orientalism could also be used to mean a manner of seeing, which distorts and emphasizes differences in cultures between the Arabic people and people, from Europe and the U.S. It entails viewing the Arab culture as uncivilized, exotic, dangerous, and backward (Said 1978, p. 2). Said defined orientalism as â€Å"the west acceptance of the differences between West and East.† He purported that this acceptance serves as the starting point for detailed social descriptions, epics, theories, and political accounts about the Orient, mind, its people, and customs. In a nutshell, orientalism can be described as the image of the ‘Orient’ portrayed as a thought system. As a scholarly discipline, orientalism began in the eighteenth century following the European colonial conquest of countries in the Middle East. Academic disciplines that addressed the orient flourished; this led to the adoption of orientalism in France, England, and other European nations. Orientalism became t he basis of the western exertion of power over the Orient (Near East Cultures). The west viewed the Middle East as an exhausted, stagnant, and defective region, which needed the involvement of Europeans to enhance civilization. This justification happened with an aim to keeping the dreams and ambitions of the western powers alive. Therefore, Oreintalism can be regarded to have originated from the west’s desire to conquer the Near East and exert significant influence (MacKenzie1995, p. 24). Influence of Orientalism on Western Interpretation of Cultures in the Near East Orientalism has had a profound influence on the way Western cultures depict aspects of the cultures from the East. Western writers and designers have always portrayed the East negatively. Further, artists from the west represent the cultures of the East as backward. For example, French artists in the 19th century used orientalism in their description of Eastern cultures (Kennedy 2000, p. 351). These Orientalists used colors, styles, and elements that portrayed Mediterranean countries of the Near East. Westerners have come to adopt eastern styles, motifs, and subject matter in design, architecture, and art. For example, Turquerie as a fashion dominated the western art work from 15th century to 18th century. Therefore, the west has used fashion, and other artistic styles to portray the Near East negatively (Tausch 2006, p. 83). Further, the West depictions of Islamic Moors, especially the Muslim groups of West Asia and North Africa, portray orientalism. For example, in early biblical scenes, Jewish and Roman characters were displayed with exotic costumes. This reflected the culture of clothing such as wearing of turbans in the near East. In addition, the portrayal of oriental carpets in paintings of renaissance depicts the cultures of the Far East (MacKenzie1995, p. 27). As more Western artists travelled to the Middle East, they represented numerous scenes, which entailed aspects of the Orie ntal culture. They depicted the cultures as exotic owing to its differences. The artists had a keen interest on the Islamic cultures of the Near East. For example, French artists Eugene Delacroix and Jean Leon painted pictures, which depicted Islamic culture. These pictures had an impact on western interpretation of the Western Cultures (Tausch 2006, p. 84). In the West, the use of the orient has continued in the Movies, as westerners use

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were Essay

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were treated during Reconstruction by the Cherokee Nation and how t - Essay Example Following an establishment of a working treaty with the United States of America, these individuals gained Cherokee citizenship in 1866. Numerous rights of the freedmen remained limited with some being available only to Cherokees and not freedmen Cherokees. During the reconstruction of the Cherokee nation, freedmen were only granted citizenship into the Cherokee nation. Numerous human rights, however, were not granted to the freedmen Cherokees following citizenship. Controversies continued through the 20th century concerning the rights granted to freedmen Cherokees. These individuals felt they were being accorded second grade citizenship with limited rights. Though the Cherokee citizenship offered freedmen with citizenship based on possession of Cherokee blood, amendments into the constitution later involved acceptance based on historical presence. The Cherokee nation presented controversial regulation regarding citizenship of freedmen Cherokees. This controversy continues to yield c ontinuous court battle as freedmen seek acceptance into the citizenship of Cherokee nation. Various Cherokee constitutional laws declare that qualification to Cherokee citizenship should be based on having Cherokee blood relationships and not merely historical presence within the Cherokee nation. ... Within the context of Cherokee nation, however, separation of these parameters remains difficult. The integration of the Cherokee nation as part of the United States of America brought significant impact and clarification of the pending citizenship issues. Freedmen Cherokees continued to be accorded limited right by the Cherokee nation. These included limitation into intermarriages with native Cherokees; hence freedmen Cherokees could not intermarry with native Cherokees according to the Cherokees’ regulations. This mainly remained so because these freedmen continued to be viewed as slaves of the Cherokees. There exists an unwritten slavery law where masters cannot intermarry with slaves. This theoretical believe continued to be commonly practiced within the Cherokee nation. The freedmen were also accorded second-class citizenship, with limited rights, like those of intermarriages. Adaptation into the constitution of the United States of America included access to various righ ts, previously unavailable. These included the right for freedmen Cherokees to vote and elect leaders. Though the united states governments seeks to empower the freedmen Cherokees through giving them human right accorded to other marginalized communities, controversy continues to cloud the issues of freedmen Cherokees. These individuals were offered citizenship into Cherokee nation before integration into the United States of America. The standing order, therefore, remains that they are still bound by the regulations which gave them Cherokee citizenship. These people, therefore, completely remain bound by the constitution of the Cherokee nation whose authority

Rappaccini’s Daughter Essay: The Ambiguity -- Rappaccinis Daughter Es

The Ambiguity in â€Å"The Rappaccini’s Daughter†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The literary critics agree that there is considerable ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† This essay intends to illustrate this statement and to analyze the cause of this ambiguity.    Henry James in Hawthorne mentions how Hawthorne’s allegorical meanings should be expressed clearly:    I frankly confess that I have, as a general thing, but little enjoyment of it, and that it has never seemed to me to be, as it were, a first-rate literary form. . . . But it is apt to spoil two good things – a story and a moral, a meaning and a form; and the taste for it is responsible for a large part of the forcible-feeding writing that has been inflicted upon the world. The only cases in which it is endurable is when it is extremely spontaneous, when the analogy presents itself with eager promptitude. When it shows signs of having been groped and fumbled for, the needful illusion is of course absent, and the failure complete. Then the machinery alone is visible and the end to which it operates becomes a matter of indifference (50).    When one has to grope for, and fumble for, the meaning of a tale, then there is â€Å"failure† in the work, as Henry James says. This unfortunately is the case of â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† It is so ambiguous in so many occasions in the tale that a blur rather than a distinct image forms in the mind of the reader. The Norton Anthology: American Literature states in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne†:    Above all, his theme was curiosity about the recesses of other men’s and women’s beings. About this theme he was always ambivalent [my italics], for he knew that his success as a writer depended upon his keen psychologi... ...WORKS CITED    Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter.† ElectronicText Center. University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id="HawRapp"&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public    James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.    Kazin, Alfred. Introduction. Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Fawcett Premier, 1966.    Lang, H.J.. â€Å"How Ambiguous Is Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.   

“Animal Farm: A Fairy Story” Essay

A book that is based on a fable usually contains characters that act and talk like human beings while retaining their human traits. George Orwell wrote a book that was called ‘animal farm: a fairy story’ and was most likely based on the Russian Revolution which occurred during 1917 to 1945. There are many reasons to which why George Orwell would have used a fable in his condemnation of Soviet communism and totalitarianism. George Orwell used talking animals to show their interaction of these animals to help link things about humans that he can link to animals in the world. George Orwell’s book contained many animals which seemed to be imprisoned on a farm by their owner Mr. Jones, it is recognised by many people that this symbolised the Russia and the Soviet Union under Communist Party rule. The pigs seemed to represent the leaders because they made all the decisions that involved the animals and the farm. The rest of the animals seemed to be the citizens that lived on the farm and were controlled by Mr. Jones then the pigs. The battle at cow shed represented the civil war which ravaged Russia until1920. The battle of the windmill is linked to the German invasion of Russia during World War II. Throughout time, many animals have gained a reputation for their unique actions or even physical looks. These animals have been used to insult or describe someone or what they were doing. When George Orwell wrote this book, he was able to choose particular animals as particular characters to help forebode that character’s particular characteristics and their role in the story. Orwell would have had the animals in the story chosen to help link intelligent human characteristics with dirty farm animals. Orwell is able to use animals to link them to behaviours of humans and even end the book by saying that it is difficult to tell the difference. When George Orwell wrote this book, it would have been clear to him that the topic he was writing about was very controversial and would have angered or annoyed many people in powerful or influential positions that could do some harm to him or his career as a writer by making an influential comment or action. By writing a fable, he is able to protect himself from the criticism or denigration he might receive from those that believe they are being  slandered. Orwell was able to write the book to create an unspoken link with his work and the events that are happening around them that the readers are able to connect without the author making a direct connection. This would have been a very good reason for Orwell to write the book in the way he did. As George Orwell wrote the book, he would have wanted his work to be remembered or recognised for as long as possible. By writing in a fable, his message can be referred to in any situation or any point in time because he has not made any specific references to a specific event. By having his message written in such a way he can now have it spread because the message is universal. By writing the book as a fable, Orwell was able to write his story without having to explain what and why things were really happening because the story was most likely based on politics which can be very difficult to understand. Orwell was able to create reasons to which why things were happening and still have it linked to the complicated topic of politics. Many more readers of the book would have found it much easier to read and understand because Orwell explained it all in a new way without having to complicate it with other topics. Having a wider audience for his book would have helped him spread his thoughts and message with more people reading his book. Based on your understanding of the Russian Revolution, do the characters and events in Animal Farm take on any new significance?When George Orwell wrote this book, he might have wanted his message to be universal though it is quite clear to many readers that he based the story and the many characters on the environment he was living in and the people he knew much more about. The farm itself would have represented Russia as a country and the farm’s transformations would have represented the government changes which Russia undertook during the time which the book was written. The farms surrounding and interacting with Animal Farm would have symbolized the other countries in the world which related with the country during that time which tremendous change was happening in Russia. Farmer Jones is easily linked to Czar Nicholas II because Nicholas was the leader or Russia and Jones was the owner of the farm which represented Russia. Both leaders were beginning to be questioned and hated by their followers and soon lost what they had control of. Jones came back with other farmers to come and attempt to regain control of the farm though was met with all of the animals who did not allow Jones to come out of the battle victorious with some animals rising from the group and inspiring them to fight harder. Nicholas also came back with help from other countries to help him regain control of the country which he once controlled. The animals of the farm obviously represent everyone and everything that was under the control of Mr. Jones. In reality, this would represent all the citizens and working class who were struggling in those times which were many in numbers. Karl Marx and Old Major have an obvious similarity because Karl Marx was one of the first to proclaim his vision of a better country and Old Major was the pig who tells all of the animals on the farm of the dream he had that had resurrected an idea and thought which he had forgotten long ago but was able to remember and then pass those ideas onto the other animals. Both Marx and Old Major died before the revolution had come. Old Major spread his message of the vision that he had by teaching a song which he heard as a little pig called the ‘Beasts of England’. This ideology of communism was very popular with the animals and even got them excited where the ideas of communism began to spread throughout the world. A real song was also written by the followers of communism which was called ‘Communist Internationale’. Napoleon seems to be an obvious metaphor for Stalin who was able to become the new leader after Jones had been defeated. Stalin also became the new leader after the rebellion was able to take over. Both Napoleon and Stalin seemed to have the best interest of the country or the farm though both seemed to give into the evil temptations which arose while they were in  those positions. Napoleon began to slowly become greedier for more power which then began to influence his actions such as training the puppies not to read but to train them to become his personal protectors and even attackers. Napoleon soon begins to shower himself with more luxury and fort such as sleeping in a bed and even drinking alcohol. Stalin was also overwhelmed with new found luxury and power and soon let the peasants whom he was meant to help suffer. Snowball seems to be the symmetry of Leo Trotsky. Snowball was a pig that had the same interests of the farm as Napoleon in mind though it is how they each approached their ideas which got them into fights. Snowball was always disagreeing with Napoleon’s ideas and it was soon that Napoleon’s physical way of forcing his thoughts onto others that conquered over Snowball’s less taunting approach. Trotsky was soon seen as a traitor by the country and left as Snowball did when he was forced out by Napoleon. Squealer seems to represent the media in those times who attempted to influence everyone’s thoughts as to what they thought about why Napoleon did such acts as the media did with Stalin. Squealer becomes the only link to Napoleon to the rest of the animals on the farm and was the persuader and influential speaker who was able to hide or conceal the true intentions of the pigs. The media in those times were able to influence so well because the working class in those times were quite uneducated and needed something to think for then and it was that source of media that they depended on. Boxer is quite clearly the metaphor for the working class in those times. Boxer was a very hard working animal on the farm that made great efforts throughout his life and always had a simple motto to help him work even harder. The uneducated workers in those times were easily influenced by Stalin because it seemed as though they would prosper most in the new system as did Boxer. Boxer was a very dedicated follower of Stalin who was later on betrayed by being sent to the glue factory. Mollie is the representation of the middle class workers who are educated and understand the true effects under the new government which was being presented. Mollie would wear a ribbon and lick sugar when Jones was in charge of the farm though as the animals took over, Mollie was not aloud to wear ribbons or lick sugar for she had to make sacrifices. In reality, the middle class did not like the new system for they would be lowered to everyone else’s level. Mollie then leaves the farm after being caught being patted by another farmer and lives as she did when Jones was in charge. The puppies which were taken away from their mother by Napoleon became the bodyguards or defenders of Napoleon. These dogs that Napoleon trained to help keep his strong grip on the country attack Snowball and force him out of the farm which leaves no significant challengers for Napoleon to face. These dogs also attacked anyone that opposed or betrayed Napoleon in anyway. This easily represents the police or army which Stalin had control of when he took over as the leader of Russia. The windmill seems to represent the economy of Russia in those harsh times. The animals worked hard together to build the windmill even though there was a shortage of food and it was promised that this would help them significantly. This was just like in reality where Stalin had a five year plan to help Russia and just like the windmills, they failed to succeed. The book is easily linked to many things around Orwell as he wrote the book. Even though the message of Orwell was attempted to be made universal it is most likely connected to the significant Russian revolution.

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Maintaining A Healthy Relationship - 1116 Words

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Theoretical Background Of Study On Financial Inclusion Essay

Theoretical Background of Study Introduction: Financial inclusion is the new concept which helps to attain the sustainable development of the country. It provides banking and financial services to all people in a fair, visible and reasonable manner at affordable cost. The poorer income Households often lack to access bank account and have to spend time money for several visits to achieve the banking services. Financial inclusion is help to the sustainable societal and economic improvement of the country. It helps to the empowerment of underprivileged, poor and women of the society with the mission of creation them self-reliant and well informed to take superior financial decisions. 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Say No to the Death Penalty Free Essays

Counting the seconds and minutes to your death. Inhaling your last breath. The next thing you know, the prison doctor has just injected a lethal drug into you. We will write a custom essay sample on Say No to the Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now How do you not feel pain, empathy or sadness? But, you know that the doctor brushes it off as if it nothing happened. All because of something we call ‘The Death Penalty.† The death penalty affects people who are wrongly convicted, the positive affect because there isn’t a death penalty in our society and human morality. How do you feel about innocent people dying? Innocent people are wrongly convicted on a daily bases, so why put these people in jail. Those who opposed this argument say †the people who commit a crime, deserve to die. ‘Six Canadian prisoners were convicted of a dangerous crime and later released due to their innocent. The six Canadians were condemned for the first degree murder and if there were death penalty then these six innocent people would have died. Another reason is that the prisoners should have the time to prove their innocence. I say this because after the trial. If new evidence is found then it’s very difficult to start another trial. It’s a life of a person in your hands and nothing should be neglected. Such as David Milgaard who was sentenced to life in prison. He was the suspected killer for the murder of Gail Miller. He spent 22 years in prison and was freed by DNA evidence. Once you go to prison, it makes a profound impact on your life. Have you read the human rights from the United Nations? In the third law it states †Any person right to life, liberty and security of person.† If Canada, reinstates the death penalty that’s violating the human rights. It would be a very embarrassing moment for Canada for all we stand for and worked for. We are a country that is highly respected and is known for fighting for our rights. We have all the right to life. Do you think the death penalty affects things in our society? First reason is that there are fewer murders because there is not the death penalty. Since, there is no death penalty in Canada; the murder rate has decreased since 1970’s. In 2009, the murder rate in Canada was 1.81 homicides per 100.000 populations. If we compare the static between Brazil is a big difference. Canada was 1.81 homicides and Brazil at 25.2homicide rates. Also, Brazil has no death penalty since 1988. How to cite Say No to the Death Penalty, Essay examples

Hospitality Project

Question: Write a report about the hospitalitymanagement. Answer: A facility manager in an organization is responsible for meeting the needs of employees at the workplace by managing the necessary services. They has to ensure that the service an process which supports the core business are managed properly. He should ensure that the working environment is suitable for the employees. The facility managers are required for both day-today activities and strategic planning. Their areas of responsibilities are cleaning, vending and catering, maintenance of building and grounds, security, health and safety, space management, procurement management and communications and utilities management (Srensen Jensen, 2015). The six key activities of facility managers are stated below; Preparing document for putting tenders for contractors Supervising and coordinating the work of contractors and management of projects Checking the suitability and availability of options for new locations Comparing and calculating the costs for the goods and services and trying to achieve the optimum money value. Engaged in future planning for development keeping in note the business objectives Planning, coordinating and directing the important central services like, security, reception, cleaning, waste disposal, catering, maintenance, archiving, mail and recycling (Uecker Walker ,2012). The current trend of business and society highlights to the complex building system, aging building stocks, importance given to sustainability and changing business community as the external driven trends of change. The current internal trend refers to the complexity and quantity of data, difficulty in finding top talent and attempt to upgrade facility management (Sterling Huckle, 2014). The changing trend of business requirement for facility management has put forward the necessity of having some specific qualities in a facility manager so that they can become successful in their profession. Facility manager should be trained to understand the complex building structure so that the operations of the business community run hassle-free. They are suppose plan the scarce resource utilization in such a manner that it it is effectively implemented. The facility managers have to serve as role model for the emergency preparedness and planning for the continuity of the business. The facility manager should be able to convert the raw data into meaning information that would help in decision making process. Further, the facility manager should be competent enough to link their activities with the mission, vision and values of any organization (Teicholz, 2013). The facility manager should be expertise in both technical and business and should have the required skill that brings efficiency, profitability and productivity to the organization. The most successful facility managers will be those who are proactive in their actions to meet the challenges posed by the changing trends of current situations .The facility managers should be able to make strategic planning and highlights the areas of attention to the industry. The growing need of sustainable practices should be understood by them and they need to be educated about it so that they can meet the sustainable requirement in their operations. Hence, the demand for qualities that need to be present in todays facility managers widely varies from that of traditional requirements (So et al.,2013). A hotel feasibility study is a report that is produced for the people like investors, lenders, owners and hoteliers. It helps in understanding the feasibility of hotel development projects and analysing the variables that affect the profitability of the business. The areas included in hotel feasibility report are as follows: Supply/Demand Dynamics: The report includes the supply and demand dynamics of the hotel industry. It shows the review of existing hotels, their facilities in terms of service, accommodation rooms, locations and quality segments. All this factors helps to understand the competitive firms position and assist the new firm to develop its strategy for competitive position in the market (O'Neill, 2013). Occupancy and Average Rates: Here the analysis is done for the positioning of the hotel in the local market by studying the projected demand. The average room rates and annual occupancy are also forecasted by using the demand analysis. The companys target guests, distribution strategies, location, quality segment and brand strength are examined. Further a comparative study about the companys strength and weakness, with that of competitors are studied and then assessment is made about the rate differences and occupancy based on the available market information (Lucas, Bulbul Thabet, 2013). Hotel Revenue Projections: A real estate financial model is prepared which helps to estimate the revenues of the business. It calculates the sales revenues of the room and cycles of sales by using the average room rates and occupancy. The percentage of guest is forecasted to calculate the average revenue per guest in case of other revenue centres like, food and beverages. Even other revenues from conference event sales, day booking sales and other similar sales that result in ancillary revenues are forecasted through the available data set (Kim, Hong Zhang, 2014). Hotel Expense Projections: The hotel feasibility study reflects the expenses against the revenue model. It forecast the operating costs and analysed the overhead cost based on the type and scale of the property. Further, the regional bench mark is used to calculate the revenue percentages Net Operating Income Model: The study also shows the net operating income financial model by doing a sensitivity analysis which is then compared with repositioning cost and hotel developments Hotel Feasibility Study ROI: The return on investment is assessed here by using financial assessment tools like NPV, IRR and DCF and then suggestion are made accordingly. The property developer should take proper actions to mitigate the risk of hotel development by doing proper survey and try to bring accuracy in forecast methods. The property developer should suggest investing money in term system or in multiple phases to mitigate the risk so that if there is any indication of losses in one of the phases, there can be immediate alteration done in the next phase. The phase system of planning also helps to reduce the unnecessary cost and complex system of forecasting the cost of materials and other inputs which may go wrong due to any economical shocks In this way, the efficiency of the project planning increases and risk of loss also reduces. (Kimbu Ngoasong, 2013) The role of Property development manager is to finalize the purchases of property and manage the work of architectures and construction companies. They have to assure that the construction rules, zoning ordinance, environmental restrictions are met while purchasing the properties. They assess the potentiality of profit by analyzing the population growth, patterns of trade and tax rules. Further they also analyze the economic trends, value of property and zoning ordinance during the assessment of land for purchase (Gao Mattila, 2014). The role of construction project managers has the overall responsibilities for the successful planning, execution, monitoring, control and closure of the project. They should have the required skill to judge the task and resolve the conflicts. He is the main person in a Service Team and responsible for successfully deliver the project. They need to work in tight time-schedule with strict budgets and also has to create positive environment and good relationship with the client. They are also responsible for developing the leaders in the offices and on the site and to form the best team that work efficiently and complete the project. Further they are also responsible for planning the time and schedule of delivery of the plan. Furthermore, responsible for day to day task, client assignment, implementation, utilization and technical consultant. They should report the progress of the projects, develop contract with the staffs and produce report on each projects at the mentioned intervals and whenever the situations demand. (Fazelpour, Soltani Rosen, 2014) The facility manager is the responsible for organising the workplace and make sure that the requirement of the employees are met at the workplace.. They have to ensure that the service and process which supports the core business are managed properly. He should ensure that the working environment is suitable for the employees. The facility managers are required for both day-today activities and strategic planning. Their areas of responsibilities are cleaning, vending and catering, maintenance of building and grounds, security, health and safety, space management, procurement management and communications and utilities management (Ć osiĆ¡ et al.,2014). The responsibility of facility managers covers several department of an organization and ensures that the services are provided to all the employees without any discrimination. Their roles include, supervising and coordinating the contractors work, maximising the value of money while purchasing goods and services for the employees, ensuring the safety and security of the staff members, ensures the cleanliness o the environment and similar other roles (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The town Planner is a person who designs the town and can influence the life of the people residing in the town. He is an influential person and has a role in planning the design of the town with households, business and children. He is responsible for the cleanliness of the town and proper planning for household construction, efficient business areas and beatification of the town (Buonomano et al.,2015). All the four profiles differ from each other and concentrate on their job. The property developer task is to make investment in fruitful properties for the company whereas the construction project manger task comes after the property developer. He is concerned with the completion of the construction within the time-frame. Further the facilities manager is responsible for the facilities provided at the workplace for the employees where as the town planner is responsible for the proper planning of the town with availability of necessary things in the town. All the positions are import ant at their level (Benn,Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). Sustainability means use of materials in activities that protect the environment from any kind of depletion. It is a practice through which the environment can be saved from getting affected from usage of products that are not friendly to environment. The sustainability in construction refers to the use of material for creating structures should be environmentally friendly with respect to design, operation construction, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. The terms used for sustainable buildings are green construction, high performing building and green building (Bebbington, Unerman O'Dwyer 2014). The organization should try to prioritize energy consumption while construction of buildings, they should not waste water and must think of water conservation strategies. The waste disposal should be effective and can be used to produce natural gas. The practice of sustainable building is about integrating operations, constructions, designs and maintenance. The sustainable buildings construction does not only think of obtaining return on investment but it improves the entire life cycle of the project and also benefits the society by saving the environment. Sustainability refers to reduce disposal cost by recycling the waste and optimising the use of resource. Also, using materials which are less harmful to the environment for construction purpose (Ayoub et al., 2014). The example of sustainable construction technique is to build the buildings with keeping in mind the 3Rs, i.e. Reduces, Re-uses, Recycles. One of the examples of sustainable construction is Gish Apartment in SanJose, California which has received LEED certification for Homes. The important sustainable feature is the rooftop which is of photovoltaic system that gives 30% of the electricity for the common areas in the buildings. The material used for construction was environmentally preferable materials. The construction waste is diverted from the landfill. Further the building uses 36% less indoor water. The buildings in order to save water are using air-cooled chillers rather than water-cooled chiller.LED lights are used wherever possible to save electricity and 80% of the construction waste was diverted from landfills. Further, daylight sensors, extra insulations, condensed gas boilers and extensive skylights are some of the key usage to maintain sustainability in the building. Last ly, low-emitting paints, carpeting, coatings and good air ventilation are used for sustainability (Uecker Walker, 2012). The people involved in business activities in the region should be educated by the need of sustainable development in the country to protect the resources from depletion The growing need of sustainable practices should be understood by them and they need to be educated about it so that they can meet the sustainable requirement in their operations. The demand for sustainable development that needs to be present in todays business widely varies from that of traditional requirements. The construction contractors, the hotel managers, the facility managers and other people involved in hotel business activity should be aware of what sustainability means and should practice it at every stage of business. It will set the trend and in future the practice of sustainability wil becomes the regular practice. Sustainability is important to save the country and the world from the continuous depletion of resources and improve the environmental conditions which is important for healthy survival of human being. References Ayoub, N., Musharavati, F., Pokharel, S. and Gabbar, H.A., (2014). Energy consumption and conservation practices in QatarA case study of a hotel building.Energy and Buildings,84, pp.55-69. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2014).Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Buonomano, A., Calise, F., Palombo, A., Vicidomini, M. (2015). Energy and economic analysis of geothermalsolar trigeneration systems: A case study for a hotel building in Ischia.Applied Energy,138, 224-241. Carroll, A. B., Buchholtz, A. K. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Ć osiĆ¡, B., VujanoviĆ¡, M., PerkoviĆ¡, L., MikulÄ iĆ¡, H., Novosel, T., TomiĆ¡, T., DuiĆ¡, N. (2014). Pre-feasibility study of new solar cooling/heating system in hotel Marina-ADRIACOLD Project Deliverable 6.2. Fazelpour, F., Soltani, N., Rosen, M. A. (2014). Feasibility of satisfying electrical energy needs with hybrid systems for a medium-size hotel on Kish Island, Iran.Energy,73, 856-865. Gao, Y. L., Mattila, A. S. (2014). Improving consumer satisfaction in green hotels: The roles of perceived warmth, perceived competence, and CSR motive.International Journal of Hospitality Management,42, 20-31. Kimbu, A. N., Ngoasong, M. Z. (2013). Centralised decentralisation of tourism development: a network perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,40, 235-259. Kim, Y. C., Hong, W. H., Zhang, Y. L. (2014). A study on the efficient method of information offering through survey of asbestos awareness of deteriorated apartment facility managers.Journal of the architectural institute of Korea planning design,30(1), 217-224.