Recovery-watch - Emphasis

Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission

Question: Examine about the Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Answer: Presentation It was in the year 2012, that a huge explanation of the extent of the obligations of the executives of an organization was given by the High Court of Australia on account of Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 (Shafron) (High Court of Australia, 2012). This was the situation wherein the degree of the obligation of a person who has been allowed a place of an official inside the significance of area 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (CA). Likewise, it was unmistakably expressed that a person who has been an official could embrace double jobs inside an association under area 9 of the Act according to the degree of duty which was given for this situation (Scott, 2012). In this way, in these sorts of cases the double jobs couldn't be withdrawn for the goals of looking at the obligation of care and steadiness which was owed by the official under area 180(1) of the Act. Along these lines, for this situation, Shafron has explicitly explained what all contains investment in making a profession for the destinations of the significance of the word Officer which was expressed in s 9(b) (I) of the CA (Sainty Law, 2012). Foundation and realities of the Case In August 1998, Mr. Shafron for example the offended party was designated by Hardie as a general backer and friends secretary (CS) of the enterprise. However, until November 1998 he was not named by the enterprise as a CS in a conventional way. In November 1999 with the offended party, Mr. Donald Cameron was utilized as an assembled CS of Hardie. In February 2001, the directorate of Hardie had a gathering so as to consider a proposal to withdraw from the James Hardie bunch two enterprises with significant asbestos commitments. The Plaintiff was found to have been in contradiction of the area 180(1) of the Act by: Neglecting to suggest the top managerial staff of Hardie, that some beneficial information with respect to the parcel offer would have been uncovered to the Australian Stock Exchange, and Neglecting to suggest the directorate of Hardie that an actuarial articulation on which the top managerial staff were needy in remembering the division proposition didn't give for superimposed value rise when a careful story would have done as such (Tam, 2012). Framework the obligations/duties penetrated and clarify why the obligations were penetrated. Segment 180(1) of the CA, explicitly expresses that executives of an association must play out their specialists and satisfy their commitments with the due degree of care and determination that a reasonable individual would work out in the event that they were: The executives or officials of an association in the circumstances of an association; and The officials who were occupied with the workplace which was held by simultaneously included the comparable assignments inside the association as, the chief or official (DApice and Curran, 2012). Obligations of executives which have been characterized under area 180(1) of CA associate not exclusively to chiefs however to the officials in an expansive way. It was built up by the Court of Appeal that the offended party was an official on two distinct rudiments as; He was the CS of Hardie, and He was a person who makes, or contributes in making professions that put an effect upon the whole, or an extensive part, of the exchange of the association. On demand, the offended party questioned that his obligations while being in the situation of a CS were confined to the jobs of the CS, and didn't widen to his expansive guidance jobs (Freeman, 2016). The Plaintiff likewise need to differentiate his jobs while being in the situation of a CS by differing that they ought to be related to the jobs of his agreeable CS, Mr. Cameron, whose jobs were predominantly administrative. It was additionally contended by the offended party that he was not a person who contributed in making the decision in association with the splitting offer, as it was a profession for the directorate, of which he was not a section. Ultimately, the offended party expressed that in the event that he was an administrator (on either premise), he had, in any event, not disregarded his commitments in association both the worry identifying with the ASX or the actuarial (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). It was obviously seen by the court that it was fundamentally to be dubious for the way that Mr. Shafron being the executive of the enterprise could have actualized certain jobs in a limit of a CS and different capacities like being a general insight. There was no confirmation that the offended party has played out certain assignments in a single limit and other work in another. Since the obligations of a particular CS in explicit enterprises were the issues of truth, confirmation of the jobs of Mr. Cameron didn't show that organization secretarial elements of the offended party were correspondingly managerial (Hickey and Lam, 2015). The council at that point estimated whether, if the elements of Mr. Shafron could be isolated, the division would affect the outcome. It additionally prestigious that segment 180(1) (b) of the Act makes sure about the level of care and determination by demonstrating to the workplace held and the assignments with the association of the significant official (Comino, 2014). It was then that it was finished up by the council that the term obligations which was referenced in segment 180(1) (b) have been characterized as the genuine duties of the valid official, not just the legal errands of a person who holds the workplace of CS. The discoveries of the Court of Appeal were right now was concurred by the councils which conceded a proposal in association with the issue of ASX which was inside zone of obligation of the offended party. Likewise, the award of such recommendation which was conceded in association with the actuarial issue was additionally inside the zone of obligation which was forced upon the offended party being in the situation of the executive (Wotton Kearney, 2012). Subsequently, the duties of Mr. Shafron by being in the situation of an organization secretary of Hardie were sufficiently wide to hold up a judgment that he owed the obligations of an official in completing those duties. According to the decision which was given by the Court of Appeal of New South Wales was offered and according to the Act the offended party was seen as infringing upon his commitment of care and constancy by: Neglecting to offer an input to different chiefs on board that the draft ASX proclamation which was affirmed by the Board was beguiling; and Neglecting to offer an input to the board that the data which was conceded by actuarial Consultants for example the offended party had been protected in the interest of JHIL, and This allowed the establishment for an income structure which was estimated by the board in association with the anticipated reorganization of JHIL, didn't think about the value rises (Mire, 2014). At that point the offended party moved toward the High Court and set forward his case. The fundamental explanation of his appeal was that however he built up that area 180(1) of the CA in spite of the fact that would be appropriate on him as he was a CS. Be that as it may, the infringement of area 180(1) which ASIC had suspected against him were frightened with measures which he made in his fitness as general promoter and not as an official of JHIL. At the end of the day it could be expressed that, his capacity as general direction and CS was isolatable into employments which he set out on as promoter, and afterward the obligations he expected as CS. The thought which was given and referenced above was dismissed that the offended party could isolate his errands and skills. To a limited degree, it was closed by the council that the duties of Mr. Shafron were indivisible and must be seen as an amalgamated totally (Norton Roseful Bright, 2012). Along these lines, so as to arrive at such resolution it was explicitly settled that so as to choose the scope of ordinary occupations of an authority of an enterprise, an individual must examine the entirety of the work which was completed for that association by that official. In explicit it was noted by the court that: The limit of the job of the offended party as a CS couldn't be resolved just by an assessment to the capacity of his co-secretary, whose work never created to be above simply administrative jobs. The Plaintiff didn't created any evidence which would have confirmed or proposed that he completed certain assignments in the limit of being a CS, while he did others in an alternate limit of being a guide. The assignment of general promoter and CS meant explicitly that a noteworthy piece of the obligation of the offended party was to take the fundamental stepping stools to ensure that JHIL have satisfied with all appropriate lawmaking necessities. Such prerequisites incorporate those that were pertinent to JHIL as a recorded company, and this was identified with the specification of basic proposal (Konstantinidis, 2012). At the point when a made sure about direction from outsiders was taken by the offended party at that point put that direction before the governing body of JHIL for its usage, his liabilities did extended for perceiving the limitations of the proposal which was given by the outsider. Along these lines, it was set up and articulated by the court that the degree of care and industriousness which was referenced in area 180(1) of the Act was determined by seeing at the circumstances of the association. The segment has likewise incorporated the working environment and liabilities of a chief inside the association that the executive in subject had. Along these lines, it was obviously indicated by the council that to what expand the chief would be at risk and what duties he had inside the association, disregarding how or why those assignments came to be constrained on the authority. In this way, the intrigue what the excused by the council by expressing that an individual who was a CS with a legitimate foundation would be unsurprising to raise issue identifying with the plausible m

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa

Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa Eating Disorders Treatment Print Restoring Nutritional Health in Anorexia Nervosa By Katie Grubiak, RDN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 28, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 30, 2019 VeselovaElena/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Avoid Refeeding Syndrome Nutritional Rehabilitation Suggested Meal Guidelines Meal Plan for Success Other Weight Gain Tips Overcoming Challenges View All Back To Top The malnutrition that accompanies anorexia nervosa can negatively impact all systems of the body. Therefore, restoration of weight and nutritional health is an essential component of treatment for anorexia nervosa. Restoring a body malnourished by anorexia nervosa may take many months or even years. Patients with anorexia nervosa should generally be under the care of a treatment team, which commonly includes a medical doctor, a registered dietitian nutritionist, a psychotherapist, and a psychiatrist. Anyone beginning nutritional rehabilitation must be aware of the potentially fatal refeeding syndrome. This article begins with the necessary precautions to avoid this potential side-effect. It then offers strategies for outpatient nutritional rehabilitation, suggested meal plans, additional weight gain strategies, and suggestions for overcoming common challenges to recovery. Avoiding Refeeding Syndrome One potential risk to be considered before beginning nutritional rehabilitation is refeeding syndrome.?? Refeeding syndrome is caused by the rapid refeeding of someone in a state of starvation, usually chronic, and it may be fatal. It is characterized by electrolyte and fluid shifts associated with metabolic abnormalities in malnourished patients undergoing nutritional rehabilitation. How could finally eating after a period of starvation possibly be harmful to the body? Biochemistry tells us that ketone bodies and free fatty acids from the breakdown (catabolism) of muscle and adipose tissue replace glucose as a major energy source in starvation. During refeeding, there is a shift from fat to carbohydrate metabolism. The resulting insulin released from the pancreas increases cellular uptake of glucose, phosphate, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and water. The body also shifts into a building (anabolic) state of protein synthesis, which requires more nutrient uptake into the cells.?? The body then is at risk for not having enough of these vital nutrients in the bloodstream. Clinical consequences may include irregular heart rate, congestive heart failure, respiratory failure, coma, seizures, skeletal-muscle weakness, loss of control of body movements, and neurological symptoms.?? To avoid refeeding syndrome, levels of phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and thiamin must be monitored for the first 5 days and every other day for several weeks. Electrocardiogram (EKG) should also be performed. Strict medical oversight is required.?? The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Criteria for Patients advises that there is a significant risk for refeeding syndrome if your starting point is 1,000 or fewer calories per day.?? Refeeding syndrome risk increases greatly with the following: Patients who have one of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 16Weight loss of more than 15 percent  in the past 3-8 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 10 daysLow levels of potassium, phosphate, and/or magnesium before refeedingPatients who have two or more of the following indicators:Body mass index of less than 18.5Weight loss of more than 10 percent  in the past 3-6 monthsLittle or no nutritional intake for more than 5 daysHistory of alcohol misuse or drugs, including insulin, chemotherapy, antacids or diuretics?? Additional guidance regarding the prevention of refeeding syndrome is available via the Academy for Eating Disorders Guide to Medical Management.?? Under these conditions, nutritional restoration must go slowly to avoid potential refeeding syndrome. A medical team is necessary including a medical doctor and a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) to calculate, monitor, and increase daily food and fluid intake as well as monitor plasma and urinary electrolytes, plasma glucose, vital functions, and cardiac rhythm before and during refeeding. The remainder of this article is directed towards those who are not at risk for refeeding syndrome and have been medically cleared to begin or continue nutritional rehabilitation on an outpatient basis. Outpatient Nutritional Rehabilitation Recent research has shown that for patients not at risk for refeeding syndrome, more aggressive and faster-refeeding protocols lead to faster recovery and better overall outcomes.?? It is not uncommon for daily caloric needs of people recovering from anorexia to reach 3,000 to 5,000 daily calories for a sufficient one-half pound to two pounds per week weight gain until achieving goal weight. This is especially true for adolescents who are still growing and young adults. Adolescents participating in Family-Based Treatment with parents in charge of nutritional rehabilitation support are usually able to be safely started at an intake of 2,000 to 2,500 calories per day.?? With an outpatient team supporting and monitoring, parents are often encouraged to increase meal plans to 3,000 to 5,000 calories per day for weight restoration. Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Eating Disorders Overview Parents and patients are often perplexed at such high caloric needs as renourishing progress. Why are they so high? Individuals with anorexia nervosa often become hypermetabolic, which means their metabolism has kicked into high gear as the body tries to rebuild all the tissue lost during starvation. Individuals commonly experience elevated body temperature as energy intake may be converted into heat, rather than solely used to build tissue. This paradoxical symptom makes recovery even harder. Additionally, many patients with anorexia nervosa engage in excessive exercise even despite severe emaciation.?? Such exercise may be hidden and can further undermine attempts at weight gain by increasing calorie expenditure. Exercise is usually not medically advised in the initial stages of nutritional rehabilitation, but patients may need monitoring to prevent it. It is important to note that because increased caloric intake generates significant anxiety in those with anorexia nervosa, achieving these caloric goals may be very challenging even with additional support. However, it is imperative to allow enough caloric intake for the body to fully recover. Weight goals should always be calculated by your medical team. A return of menses in females is critical.?? Again a medical team is advised to calculate your specific individual calorie needs as they shift during the recovery process. Suggested Meal Guidelines If you are consuming more than 1,000 calories per day as your starting point, are not a risk for refeeding syndrome as discussed above, and have been medically cleared to do so, then you may consider beginning nutritional rehabilitation. Please consult with a medical doctor and registered dietitian to tailor recommendations specifically for your body.?? For example, an illustrative nutritional rehabilitation recommendation for a 90-pound patient not at risk for refeeding syndrome could be as follows. Day 1-4: 1,200-1,600 calories/dayDay 5-7: If no weight gain is observed, increase by 400 calories per day to 1,600-2,000 calories/day (If weight gain is occurring you may increase more gradually.)Day 10-14: If weight gain is not reaching 1 to 2 pounds per week, increase daily intake again by 400-500 calories/day to 2,000-2,500Day 15-21: 2,500-3,000 calories/dayDay 20-28: 3,000-3,500 calories/day Remember caloric needs commonly increase as weight is gained. Therefore patients recovering from anorexia nervosa commonly require escalating caloric intake in order to maintain a steady weight gain. For this reason, weekly weigh-ins that record progress is desirable. If and when the rate of weight gain slows or stops, caloric intake must be increased. The Meal Plan Recipe for Success Since a calorie-focused meal plan could be triggering for those recovering from anorexia, it is not necessarily the first choice for registered dietitians to recommend. However, it could be helpful to have an idea of what calorie count to target, especially when reading food labels and menus. A good initial rule of thumb for a basic meal plan is three 500- to 800-calorie meals plus at least three 300-calorie snacks, but only after initial caloric estimates are calculated and monitored and the refeeding syndrome has been ruled out. Again, calorie levels are always a moving target, depending on the  rate of weight gain. The preferred meal plan model for anorexia nervosa recovery is the exchange system. It is often used in hospital, residential and outpatient eating disorder recovery treatment.?? Originally designed for patients with diabetes, the system is versatile in recovery because it takes into consideration macronutrient proportions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) without a direct focus on calories. Calculations often aim to reach 50-60% total calories from carbohydrates, 15-20% from protein, and 30-40% from dietary fat for metabolic efficiency. Each “exchange” (starch, fruit, vegetable, milk, fat, protein/meat) equates to certain food and its portion size. This allows for a focus on balanced food group selection during the meal planning process. However, having a balanced diet may not be as important as increased caloric intake during the weight restoration process. A Registered Dietitian Nutritionist can help calculate and design exchange meal plans taking this all into consideration. An illustrative 3,000-calorie Exchange System Meal Plan for a day might comprise 12 starch, 4 fruit, 4 milk, 5 vegetables, 9 meat, and 7 fat. A daily regimen might divide the exchanges into meals and snacks as follows: Breakfast: 2 Starch, 1 Fat, 2 Meat, 1 Milk, 2 Fruit 2 slices of toast (2 starch exchanges) with 1 tsp. butter (1 fat exchange)2 scrambled eggs (2 meat exchanges) made with 2oz whole milk plus 6oz of whole milk on the side to drink (total-1 milk exchange),4 oz of orange juice 1/2 cup fruit salad (total-2 fruit exchanges) Lunch: 2 Starch, 2 Vegetable, 3 Meat, 2 Fat, 1 Milk Grilled cheese sandwich:  2 slices of bread (2 starch exchanges), 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges), 3 slices of cheese (3 meat exchanges)Tomato soup (1 cup tomato soup condensed-2 vegetable exchanges) made with 1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange) Dinner: 4 Starch, 3 Meat, 3 Fat, 2 Vegetable, 1 Fruit 1 cup cooked pasta (2 starch exchanges)2 pieces garlic toast (2 starch exchanges) 2 tsp butter (2 fat exchanges)3 oz of ground beef or turkey (3 meat exchanges) browned in 1 tsp olive oil (1 fat exchange) ½ cup tomato sauce with ½ cup cooked broccoli (2 vegetable exchange)1 orange (1 fruit exchange) Snack #1: 2 Starch, 1 Milk 1 large muffin (2 starch exchanges)1 cup whole milk (1 milk exchange â€" half half could be added for more calories) Snack #2: 1 Fruit, 1 Milk ½ banana (1 fruit exchange)1 cup whole milk yogurt (1 milk exchange) Snack #3: 1 Meat, 2 Starch, 1 Vegetable, 1 Fat 1 tsp peanut or almond butter (1 meat exchange)2 bread slices (2 starch exchanges)1 cup raw carrots (1 vegetable exchange), 1 oz hummus (1 fat exchange) Other Weight Gain Strategies In order to increase caloric intake to achieve a steady weight gain course, you can always remember some simple tactics:?? Increase the frequency of eating (from three times per day to six times per day)Increase the actual portion sizeIncrease caloric density (add fat while cooking such as oil, butter, cream, cheese which can increase calories without increasing portion size)Cut back on raw fruits and vegetables which can contribute to early fullnessSupplementing with liquid nutrition (Ensure Plus, Boost Plus) providing 350-360 calories per 8 ounces could prove very helpful for caloric density. Liquid nutrition in this form is recommended immediately as a replacement for skipped or unfinished meals or snacks. Overcoming Challenges on the Road to Weight Restoration Since a primary symptom of the disorder is a dietary restriction, what patient with anorexia will willingly eat more? Resistance is common and calls for direct support from loved ones and a team of professionals who can help hold patients accountable to meal plans and weight gain as well as challenge the eating disorder mindset and encourage consumption of fear foods on a daily basis. Vegetarian, low fat, low carb, and non-dairy diets should be discouraged (unless a diagnosed allergy) as they often are a symptom of the disorder and not based on legitimate health concerns. How Manage Negative Thoughts in Disordered Eating Delayed gastric emptying or gastroparesis is common with anorexia nervosa and can contribute to early fullness and bloating.?? This further complicates the renourishing process as eating the required increased intake may be physically uncomfortable. Frequent nutrient-dense meals and snacks that allow for smaller portions without sacrificing calorie content is the key to overcoming this hurdle. Eating disorder recovery teams can help support renourishings physical side effects as well as the psychological resistance to such aspects of recovery. Teams usually include a medical doctor, registered dietitian nutritionist, psychotherapist, and psychiatrist. When searching and building outpatient teams, it is advisable to make sure practitioners have expertise in the treatment of eating disorders. Allowing a loved one to help with accountability and provide recovery support can be extremely powerful in recovery. Family-Based Treatment (FBT or Maudsley) is an evidence-based model designating parents as the primary support for refeeding of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa.?? Other models of treatment that provide family support for adults with anorexia nervosa have been developed as well. Recovery is not a linear process and may be slow. Remember that life stresses and major life changes can possibly activate relapse. Support and re-evaluation of progress and goals are constantly needed. Making peace with food and having restored psychological, emotional, and physical health and well-being are indeed possible.??

How Can We Safe Water - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 946 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Topics: Water Pollutions Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Being born and raised in Florida I take water pollution very seriously. I grew up surfing in the crystal blue waters in Ponce Inlet, Florida. Water pollution is a very serious problem that has not only an impact on the planet but to us, our health, and our future generation. We all have access to free water in our homes but we use the convince of it being bottled, buying it at the store and grabbing one before we run out the door for the day. The dangers that plastic has on our oceans and humans is going to be a crisis for our aquatic eco-system if we dont do something about it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Can We Safe Water?" essay for you Create order BODY Water is free right? Does your fridge have a water filtration system? Do you have tap water in your house? If the answer to a majority of these questions is yes then ask yourself this: Why are over half the Americans buying bottles of water? Plastic water bottles are made from a composition called (PET) polyethylene terephthalate which takes at least 450 years to decompose. A simple plastic water bottle sitting on your desk will outlive us. Over half of the water bottles consumed by Americans today are discarded into the trash which then, where do they go? Landfills and our oceans. According to the National Geographic1, scientists believe that 8.8 million tons of plastic end up in our oceans every YEAR. Think about it, tons of plastic ending up in our oceans every year damaging the aquatic eco-system. There are so many mini organisms that thrive on the aquatic waters to live so that our aquatic eco-system stays healthy. According to the National Geographic2, 40% of all fish species in the North America are at risk of extension. The bodies of water around the world are critical elements for us as humans not only for our health but for our economy here in Florida. We live in a state surrounded by water, the fish market is popular here. People come visit from all over to come try local fresh seafood. Whether you live in a land locked state or a state that is surrounded by water. The eco-system all serves us the same. Storm clouds move inland from the oceans and carry nutrients through the air providing us with the healthy air we get to breathe. Plastic bottles are not the only problem. Discuss the different types of algal blooms There are many manufacture industries where their chemicals run off into the ground or even worse into rivers or the oceans. This causes a chemical imbalance in the waters which causes algal blooms. Algal blooms occur both in fresh and salt water. When algal blooms occur in the water they suffocate the portion of water from its nutritions killing off any organism that was living also known as dead zones in the water. According to the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship3, run offs are created when water builds on the surface faster than it can enter the soil creating a run off. Once the run off beings chemicals, such as, fertilizers get mixed into the water. The water then flows into canals, lakes, rivers and oceans. As water heats up storms become stronger and beach erosion becomes more prominent. Ice caps melt which creates rising seas. If the water is too warm it can result in the death of aquatic organisms that will disrupt many marine habitats. The increase in warmer waters is created by thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is created when the industrial industries use it as coolant and when the water is deposited back to its original source the temperature of the water deprives the oxygen level of the current water temperature. Creating a change in the overall waters temperature. Look at what happened to Puerto Rico with hurricane Maria. The storm intensified so quick because of how warm the water was. According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)4, two things must be present for a hurricane to form: warm air and oceans water surface temperatures at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a recipe for disaster in years to come. If the water is too warm it can result in the death of aquatic organisms that will disrupt many marine habitats. In reference to School of Oceanography5, the warmer the water the lower the oxygen level which will in return shift marine life habitats. CONCLUSION So next time you go to purchase water from the grocery store. Think to yourself how much money you can save a week, month or a year by purchasing a filtration for your fridge and buying a bottle that can be washed. Think about the nutrients we put into the earth, it will come to the surface and make its way to the waters. Think about it. If we dont take of our bodies what happens? We get sick, right? So why are we abusing what is giving us life? References: Aquatic Ecosystems and the Species Who Rely on Freshwater. National Geographic, National Geographic Society , 28 Oct. 2017, www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/aquatic-ecosystems/ Plastic Pollution. Kids Games, Animals, Photos, Stories, and More, National Geographic Society , 15 Aug. 2018, kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/nature/kids-vs-plastic/pollution/ Gardner, Ron. The Problem of Runoff. Pesticide Environmental Stewardship, pesticidestewardship.org/water/runoff/ US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Hurricanes Form over Tropical Oceans, Where Warm Water and Air Interact to Create These Storms. How Does the Ocean Affect Hurricanes?, NOAA Ocean Explorer , 29 May 2013, oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/hurricanes.html Portner, Hans-Otto, et al. Warmer, Lower-Oxygen Oceans Will Shift Marine Habitats. The School of Oceanography, University of Washington, www.ocean.washington.edu/story/Warmer%252C_Lower-oxygen_oceans_will_shift_marine_habitats

The Roman Empire Essay - 1216 Words

Rome was said to be founded by two brothers whose names were Romulus and Remus. Legend says they were raised by a wolf and ran off to a city they both wanted to rule but they killed each other over their lust for power. Romulus killed Remus and named the city Rome after his victory. Romulus’s story influenced many Romans but, what really happened was Romans were under Etruscan rule for many years as slaves until the Romans rebelled and overthrew their masters. Romans were discouraged by Greece thinking Rome would be easily swept away. Rome was attacked by many barbaric tribes including fighting a war with the Etruscans but triumphed again and again. Rome started with nothing and worked its way to the top, as nothing could break the Roman spirit, and their drive to dominate. After a tedious start, the Romans became the largest and most prosperous Empire the world has ever seen. The Roman Empire was an important building block to how we live today such as are architecture, conc rete, government and war tactics, and if it had not been for great generals of Rome, it may have fallen before it ever had the chance to rise. Rome first started has a republic just like America’s government today except Rome had dictators who would rule for only six months. The Roman republic wasn’t perfect and at first it was ruled basically by the aristocrats because they had all the wealth to bribe their way into government positions. But after refusing work for the unhappy plebeians, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. 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Grand cities filled with magnificent buildings and riches of every kind. Rich emperors lived in palaces and beggars lived on the street. The city streets of the Roman Empire were filled with crowds of people making their way to work, school, or play. â€Å"Before it gets light, we have the bakers. Then it’s the hammering of the artisans all day. There’s no peace or quiet in this city!† The overpopulated

14 Points Woodrow Wilson Free Essays

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points On January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson gave a proposal to Congress which outlined the post World War I peace treaty later negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, and in the Treaty of Versailles. The fourteen points were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both home also among allies in Europe. The president hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the populations in enemy nations and generates momentum for ending the war. We will write a custom essay sample on 14 Points Woodrow Wilson or any similar topic only for you Order Now When comparing Avalon Project ( primary) History World (secondary) documents for Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, I found that the primary document is the actually proposal. There is nothing creative about it. It is just what Wilson stated. When reading the primary I had no understanding of what was being presented to both houses of Congress. In Wilson perspective it was for the Congress, to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. As, I read the secondary source document, I fully understood the proposal. The writer generated this version for the people. He shortened and paraphrased it but, I was able to understand the document. Indeed the Avalon Project (primary) version was more information then what was needed because he was presenting it to Congress so it had to be in a certain form most important professionally presented. That document is more of the original. So it is supposed to be more into details. With the History World (secondary) version the information w How to cite 14 Points Woodrow Wilson, Papers

Islamic Religion Essays - Islam, Quraish, Ahl Al-Kisa, Arab Muslims

Islamic Religion Todays Muslims are branded as terrorists or fudamentalist. But their religion is a gentle religion. On the Arabian Penninsula, home of the Arabs, was isolated and they were able to develop their civilization without outside influences. It is about 1 million miles square, that is located between the Red sea and the Persian Gulf. There are two distinctive regions. The first has well-watered valleys between mountains and the second is arid plains and desert. Grass grows quickly during the showes of the rainy season. In ancient times the Arabs were bedouin (nomads that hersed sheep, goats, and camels. and lived in tents made made of felt from camel or goat hair.) They ate fresh or dried dates and drank milk from their herds. On special occasions they ate mutlon. their tribes were made of related families. They valued family ties becuase because they ensured they ensured protection and survival. They had a chief (sheikh). The sheikh ruled as long as the tribe allowed him. They had a counsil of elders. There was warfare over waterholes and pastures. Their way of punishment is an eye for sn eye and a tooth for a tooth. To improve warrior skills they had camel and horse. They had story telling in frount of the campfire. They had poetry about battles, desert, camels, horses, and love. In 500 A.D. they started a town called Makkah, which was fifty miles inland of the Red sea. Trade was mostly of animal producys for weopeans dates grains, spices, jewels ivory, silk, and perfumes. They had caravans travel there from as for china. Arabs had and worshipped many ditied business ties were replaceing family ties, and old tribal laws were not adequat Byzantine and the Persin armies were threatining to conquer them. The tribes had the some language but they had no central goverment, or sense of unity, The Arabs searched for new beliefs. The prohet of Islam was muhammad. He was born in Makkah in 570 A. D. . He was orphaned at an early age and was adopted by his uncle. He worked as a carovan leader on a trade route. He was know to be honest and able. His employer khadij'a ,a weakthy window if age 40, put him in charge of this business and proposed marriage to him. He went to a cave outside the city in 610 A.D. to pray and fast reveloution (vision) there. He was told to recite. "Recite in the name of your lord, the creator who created man from clots of blood. Rwcite! Your lord os the most bountiful one who by the pen has taught mankind things they didn't know.'' His second vision to rise and worn people. In 613 A.D. he preached to his family and friends that there was one god. And all that belived in him are equal.The rich shared with poor lots of the converts were poor. The rich merchants and the religious leaders did not like,Mushamad and the Muslims were persecuated. After some theats on his life in 632 A.D. he sent 60 families to Yathrib.And then follewes them in secret(Known then as the Hjrah immirgration). 622 A.D. os know on the Musslim calandar as the frist year. Muhamad became the rules of Yathris then it was called Medinch al-Neb orMadinah ''the city of the priphet.''The Madinch Compact of 624 A.D. was the foundation of Islanie state. Muhamad was the Judge and commander in chief. Quxan was their bible of Ialam. They extended proection, to Jews and christiand who accepted Islams political authoriyt. Makkems invaded Yathrib,and the Muslims fought in self defense.The Makkans were defeated. And the Muslims won support of the Arab groups outside of Madinsh. They later invaded Makkah and hod little resistance.They accepted Islamic Religion and Muhammad. Islanic Religion and Muhammed. They destroyed idols, and turned the shrine of prohet Abraham into a place of worship. Makkah was the spiritual capital and Mdinth into the political capital. In 631 A.D. the Arabian Peninsula was supported by an army representing each of the Arab tribes. Muhammad later died at Madinah in 632 A.D. Beliefs The Quran was the divine messages from God over a peroid of 22 years. It was written down or memorized that was compiled into a written collection(Quran). is the final matters of faith and lifestyles. It was written in Arabic. It is stories, teachings, and exhorations of what is written in the Bible. Values Basic Moral values in the Quran are similar to Christanity and Judasim.Murder, lying, stesling and adultury are condemened.Honor parents,